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LAB in Intermolecular Forces, Polarity, Molar Mass, Intermolecular Forces, Boiling Point, Heat of Vaporization , Unlocked Resources. Last updated July 09, 2021.
Summary
In this lab, students test whether a substance’s heat of vaporization is determined by its molar mass, the strength of its intermolecular forces, or both.
Grade Level
High school
Objectives
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to
- define heat of vaporization.
- explain the that molar mass does not influence a substance’s heat of vaporization.
- explain the influence of intermolecular forces on heat of vaporization.
Chemistry Topics
This lesson supports students’ understanding of
- Intermolecular forces
- Boiling point
- Heat of vaporization
Time
Teacher Preparation: 20 minutes
Lesson: 40 minutes
Materials
- Hot plate
- Aluminum foil
- Pipette
- Safety goggles
- Samples of each of the following chemicals:
- Water
- Ethanol
- Pentane
- Acetone
- Ethylene glycol
Safety
- Always wear safety goggles when working with chemicals in a laboratory setting.
- Use caution when working with hot laboratory equipment such as hot plates.
- Keep organic compounds away from open flames as they are highly flammable.
- Students should wash their hands thoroughly before leaving the lab.
- When students complete the lab, instruct them how to clean up their materials and dispose of any chemicals.
Teacher Notes
- Students will each need a lab sheet as well as a table with the formula and structure of each chemical.
- If the students’ data does not match either hypothesis, have them double check their prelab work to make sure their initial rankings were correct.
- Included in the downloads is a list of structures and properties of the compounds students will investigate in this lab.
For the Student
Lesson
Prelab Questions
- Define heat of vaporization.
- If a substance’s heat of vaporization depends on its molecular mass, which would you expect to vaporize faster, a heavy molecule or a lighter one? This will be hypothesis one.
- If a substance’s heat of vaporization depends on its molecular mass, which would you expect to vaporize faster, a molecule with strong intermolecular forces, or weak intermolecular forces? This will be hypothesis two.
- Based on these two hypotheses you just made, fill in the table below, ranking each substance from fastest to slowest vaporization based on each of the two predictions made above. These predictions will be tested during the lab.
|
Substance |
Molar mass (g/mol) |
% of bonds that are polar # of polar bonds # of total bonds |
Strongest intermolecular forces (hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole, or London dispersion forces) |
Rank polarity 1 = least 5 = most |
Hyp #1 prediction 1 = fastest 5 = slowest |
Hyp #2 prediction 1 = fastest 5 = slowest |
|
Water |
||||||
|
Ethanol |
||||||
|
Pentane |
||||||
|
Acetone |
||||||
|
Ethylene glycol |
Purpose
To determine whether a substance’s heat of vaporization depends on its molar mass, on the strength of its intermolecular forces, or both.
Safety
Always wear safety goggles when working with chemicals in a laboratory setting.
Materials
- Hot plate
- Aluminum foil
- Pipette
- Safety goggles
- Samples of each of the following chemicals:
- Water
- Ethanol
- Pentane
- Acetone
- Ethylene glycol
Procedure
- Cover the top of the hot plate with aluminum foil. Crimp the edges so that the foil is secured to the top of the hot plate. (The hot plate should not be turned on yet!)
- Turn the hot plate to 100 and wait about five minutes for the hot plate to warm up
- Have one group member place a small drop of the chemical you are testing on the foil. (Hint: some of the liquids have very little surface tension, so they tend to run out of the pipette even if you don’t squeeze it. Be careful with these.) Have a different group member use a stopwatch to time how many seconds it takes for the drop to evaporate completely.
- If five minutes pass and a drop still hasn’t evaporated, just write “>five min.” and stop timing. Record your data.
- Repeat this process with the other chemicals.
- Turn off and unplug the hot plate.
Results/Observations
Substance | Seconds to evaporate | Hyp #1 prediction 1 = fastest 5 = slowest | Hyp #e prediction 1 = fastest 5 = slowest | Actual 1 = fastest 5 = slowest |
Water | ||||
Ethanol | ||||
Pentane | ||||
Acetone | ||||
Ethylene glycol |
Analysis
- Which hypothesis is a better fit for your data?
- Does either hypothesis fit your data perfectly? If not, which molecule(s) did not fit?
- What factor(s) do you think explain the vaporization time of ethylene glycol?
- Discuss the validity of your experiment. Do you believe your results? Why or why not? How did your results compare with those of other groups? (i.e. did you get your molecules in the same order as others?) How good were your lab techniques and your following of directions?