Classroom Resources: Solutions
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Reduction, Redox Reaction, Reduction Potentials, Galvanic Cells, Oxidation, Half Reactions, Cathode, Anode, Electron Transfer, Electrons, Concentration, Molarity, Net Ionic Equation, Nernst Equation | High School
Simulation: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells 2
In this simulation, students can create a variety of standard and non-standard condition galvanic/voltaic cells. Students will choose the metal and solution for each half cell, as well as the concentration of those solutions. They can build concentration cells and other non-standard cells, record the cell potential from the voltmeter, and observe the corresponding oxidation and reduction half reactions.
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Galvanic Cells, Reduction Potentials, Redox Reaction, Half Reactions, Electrons, Electron Transfer, Anode, Cathode, Oxidation, Reduction, Concentration, Net Ionic Equation, Molarity, Nernst Equation | High School
Activity: Simulation Activity: Non-Standard Galvanic Cells
In this activity, students will use a simulation to create a variety of non-standard condition galvanic/voltaic cells. This simulation allows students to choose the metal and solution for each half cell, as well as the concentration of those solutions. Students will build concentration cells and other non-standard cells and record the cell potential from the voltmeter. They will compare the results of different data sets, write net ionic equations, and describe electron flow through a galvanic/voltaic cell from anode to cathode as well as the direction of migration of ions, anions towards the anode and cations towards the cathode.
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Solubility, Conductivity, Concentration, Equilibrium Constants, Stoichiometry | High School
Lab: Experimental Determination of the Solubility Product Constant for Calcium Hydroxide
In this lab, students will predict and measure the relationship between the conductivity of a solution of calcium hydroxide and the mass of substance added to it. From the relationship, students will determine solubility and Ksp of calcium hydroxide. Ksp will be calculated using the molar concentration of ions in the solution and the equilibrium expression for the dissociation of calcium hydroxide.
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Galvanic Cells, Reduction Potentials, Redox Reaction, Half Reactions, Cathode, Anode, Oxidation, Reduction, Electrons, Electron Transfer, Net Ionic Equation | High School
Activity: Simulation Activity: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells
In this activity, students will use a simulation to create a variety of galvanic/voltaic cells with different electrodes. They will record the cell potential from the voltmeter and will use their data to determine the reduction potential of each half reaction. Students will also identify anodes and cathodes, write half reaction equations and full chemical equations, and view what is happening in each half cell and the salt bridge on a molecular scale.
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Galvanic Cells, Redox Reaction, Reduction Potentials, Half Reactions, Cathode, Anode, Oxidation, Reduction, Electrons, Electron Transfer, Net Ionic Equation | High School
Simulation: Galvanic/Voltaic Cells
In this simulation, students select different metals and aqueous solutions to build a galvanic/voltaic cell that generates electrical energy and observe the corresponding oxidation and reduction half reactions.
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Review, Culminating Project, Mixtures, Separating Mixtures, Beer's Law, Concentration, Conductivity, Redox Reaction, Half Reactions, pH, Titrations, Buffers, Indicators, Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding, Alloys, Percent Composition, Le Châtelier's Principle, Enthalpy, Calorimetry | High School
Lesson Plan: AP Chemistry Experimental Evidence Review
In this lesson, students will evaluate data from 16 simulated lab experiments that were designed to mirror the Recommended Labs from the College Board. Corresponding lab experiments and demonstration options have also been included for teacher reference.
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Equilibrium Constants, Le Châtelier's Principle, Gibb's Free Energy , Enthalpy, Entropy, Solubility | High School
Lesson Plan: Relationship Between Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
In this lesson, students will explore the relationships between solubility and Keq (specifically Ksp), as well as Keq and ΔG°. First, a guided inquiry activity will introduce the relationship between standard free energy and equilibrium constant with the equation ΔG° = -RTlnKeq. Then data collection regarding solubility of potassium nitrate at various temperatures will lead to the calculation of Ksp and ΔGo for the dissolution reaction at those temperatures. Students will manipulate the equations ΔG° = -RTlnKeq and ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS° to derive a linear relationship between 1/T and lnKeq, which will then be graphed to determine values for ΔH° and ΔS°.
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Ionic Bonding, Naming Compounds, Molecular Formula, Ions, Ionic Radius, Solubility, Melting Point, Physical Properties | High School
Activity: Ionic Bonding Brackets
In this lesson, students will demonstrate their knowledge of ionic bond strength and its relationship to the properties of melting point and solubility using a “brackets” activity. After analyzing the ionic charge and radius to predict the strongest and weakest bond between four pairs of ionic substances, they will then determine which will be the least soluble.
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Stoichiometry, Beer's Law | High School
Lesson Plan: Aspirin Synthesis and Spectroscopy Analysis
In this lesson, students will synthesize aspirin and analyze the end product using spectroscopy by applying Beer’s Law.
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Salts, Indicators, Strong vs Weak, Net Ionic Equation | High School
Lab: Hydrolysis of Salts
In this lab, students will observe the hydrolysis of several salt samples. They will first predict which solutions are acidic, basic or neutral, and then discover the pH of each through the use of indicators. Students will share and compile their experimental results, as well as have an opportunity to determine the net-ionic equations for each reaction.
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Intermolecular Forces, Intermolecular Forces, Physical Change | High School
Demonstration: Intermolecular Forces & Physical Properties
In this demonstration, students observe and compare the properties of surface tension, beading, evaporation, and miscibility for water and acetone.
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Concentration, Beer's Law, Electromagnetic Spectrum | High School
Lesson Plan: Using Color to Identify an Unknown
In this lesson students will utilize spectrophotometry to identify the wavelength of maximum absorbance for a food dye. They will also generate a Beer's Law Standard Curve, and utilize their skills to identify the different dyes and their concentrations in an unknown mixture. The lesson culminates with an extension to utilizing a similar method in color matching paint.
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Solubility Rules, Chemical Change, Redox Reaction, Precipitate, Reaction Rate, Reduction, Oxidation | High School
Lesson Plan: Removing Copper Stains from Masonry
In this lab, students investigate the use of milk of magnesia poultice to remove copper stains on masonry in copper architecture. They use chalk as the model for masonry, copper(II) chloride solution as a model for soluble copper and a freshly prepared slurry of copper phosphate as a model for a hard stain of copper on masonry. Through a series of investigations students have the opportunity to connect chemistry topics with real-world applications, such as environmental hazards, engineering practices of copper architecture, corrosion control, and structural protection.
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Beer's Law, Concentration, Physical Properties | High School
Lesson Plan: Introduction to Color
In this lesson students explore the properties related to color and how those properties vary with changes in concentration. This lesson introduces the use of a spectrophotometer to measure wavelength and absorbance in colored solutions as well as the use of Beer’s Law to determine an unknown concentration.
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Chemical Change, Beer's Law, Redox Reaction, Reduction, Oxidation, Concentration, Reaction Rate | High School
Lesson Plan: Rustbusters! A Lab Activity on Corrosion
In this lesson students learn about factors affecting the rate of corrosion and evaluate the efficiency of different protective coatings to simulate products used in industry when building metal structures like ships or bridges.
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Le Châtelier's Principle, Reversible Reactions, Concentration | High School
Lab: Le Chatelier’s Soda
In this lab, students will observe how the equilibrium of a chemical reaction is affected when a change in pressure, temperature, and concentration is applied to the system.
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Titrations, Indicators, Molarity, Concentration | High School
Demonstration: How to Perform a Titration
In this demonstration, the teacher will show how a titration is set-up and performed. Also, the teacher will utilize different indicators to show how they work and why they are necessary. At the end of the demonstration, the teacher will also explain how to calculate the molarity of the unknown substance.
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Buffers, Solubility, Molecular Structure | High School
Lab: Aspirin Tablets: Are they all the Same?
In this lab, students will design an experiment to test the time and completeness of dissolution of various types of aspirin in different pH environments.
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Ionic Bonding, Net Ionic Equation | High School
Lab: The pH of Salts
In this lab, students will determine whether an aqueous solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. Students will write net ionic equations for the hydrolysis of a solution.
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Beer's Law, Molarity, Concentration | High School
Lab: Beer's Law Discovered
In this laboratory investigation, students will explore the concepts of light absorption, transmittance, and the relationship between absorbance, path length, and concentration of solution.
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Balancing Equations, Precipitate, Solubility Rules | High School
Animation: Net Ionic Equations Animation
This animation explores what happens in a precipitate reaction on the particulate level. Students will see why writing a net ionic equation accurately represents what happens in these scenarios. An example of diluting a soluble solid, mixing two aqueous reactants that yield aqueous products, and mixing two aqueous reactants that yield a precipitate are part of this animation. **This video has no audio**
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Limiting Reactant, Percent Yield, Stoichiometry, Balancing Equations, Net Ionic Equation, Concentration, Molarity, Precipitate, Solubility, Dimensional Analysis, Mole Concept, Observations, Graphing, Separating Mixtures, Identifying an Unknown | High School
Lab: White Lab
In this lab, students use molarity concepts to review limiting reactant concepts mathematically, conceptually, and graphically. They can then carry out a follow up investigation to identify an unknown using concepts learned in the first investigation.
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Calorimetry, Exothermic & Endothermic, Temperature, Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactant, Chemical Change, Molarity, Enthalpy, Heat, Concentration, Experimental Design, Scientific Method | High School
Lab: Less Than Zero
In this lab, students will investigate the endothermic reaction between baking soda and HCl. Students will consider stoichiometric ratios, molar concentrations, reaction scale, and calorimetry. The lab starts with a scripted reaction that uses given molar ratios, a glass beaker, and 2-M HCl. They will witness a temperature drop of about 5 to 8 C. Students then adjust the experiment so they can achieve a temperature drop of more than 20 C.
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Titrations, Concentration, Indicators, Acid Base Reactions, Equivalence Point, Molarity | High School
Lab: Lethal Dose
In this lab, students will perform several titrations to calculate the concentration of potentially “lethal” medicycloprophic solutions.
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Titrations, Acid Base Reactions, Indicators, Chemical Change, Stoichiometry, Balancing Equations, Concentration, Molarity, Error Analysis, Dimensional Analysis, Measurements | High School
Lab: Vinegar Quality Control
In this lab, students will perform a titration of a vinegar sample to determine if it is it close to the concentration claimed on the bottle.
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